په پښتو ژبه زده کړی c -programming سلامونه ګرانو دوستانو داسایت تعقیب کړی او کولای شی
۱۳۹۳ مهر ۲۴, پنجشنبه
۱۳۹۳ مهر ۲۱, دوشنبه
linux nots by pashto
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الله الرحمن الرحیم
دلوی
خدای ج په سپیڅلی نامه
System
·
An operating system
(OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for computer programs
1. اپریټینګ سیستم یو سافتویر دی
کوم چی ترتیب کوی دکمپیوتر سافتویر او هاردویر او اسانتیا برابروی تر څو انستال شی
په کمپیوتر کی پروګرامونه.
· Operating System
2.
دا یو سافتویر پروګرام دی کوم چی
توانایی لری چی هاردویر دسافتویر سره ارتباط ورکری بیدون له اپریټینګ سیستم څخه کمپیوتر یا کوم بل
پروګرام بی فایدی دی یعنی که په کمپیوتر کی اپریټینګ سیستم موجود نه وی نو موژ نشو
کولای چی دکمپیوتر نه استفاده وکرو
·
open source
a program in which the source code is available to the general public for
use and/or modification from its original design free
هغه پروګرام دی کوم چی سورس کود ته
یی لاسرسی کیژی او دټولو خلکو دپاره داستعمال وړ وی او هغه پری یا خوشی ترلاسه
کیدای شی
Open
source software is software whose source code is available for modification or
enhancement by anyone
Whit notes: it’s a
software which is free including the source code free to modify free to
distribute and free to download.
داهغه سافتویر دی کوم چی پری یعنی خوشی دی په
هغه کی شامل دی سورس کوډ او هغه یعنی موژ کولای شو چی په هغه کی تغیر راولو او هغه
موژکولای شو چی خوشی ډانلوډ کړو او مثالونه یی تاسی پورته کتلی شی.
What is single operating system?
·
Single user
operation systems.
Single user operating system can be split into two
types:
1)
Single user,
single application operation system
2)
Single user, multi-tasking
operating system.
Single user
single application:
This type of operating system would be found on a mobile phone. There
can only be one user using the mobile and that person is only using one of its
applications at a time.
ځانګړی یعنی یواستفاده کوونکی په دوه
برخوویشو اول هغه استفاده کوونکی چی فقط یوه وظیفه ترسره کوی په یوه وخت کی دمثال
په ډول لکه مبایل یو استعمالونکی کولای شی چی تر سره کری یوه وظیفه په یوه وخت کی
لکه په مبایل کی چی ته یا ګیم کوی یا مسیج لیګی خو تنها همدغه یو کار کولای شی په
یوه وخت کی په همدی وخت کی خو ته نشی کولای چی هم ګیم وکر اوهم مسیج ولیګی داشوه
یوه برخه یی
Single user multi-tasking:
You will find this kind of operation system on a personal computer
The operation system is designed mainly with a single user in mind but
it can deal with many applications running at the same time. for example when
you write something you will search in the internet and also you will download
something and listening to music on the same time
اوبله برخه یی داده چی یو استفاده کوونکی کولای شی چی اجرا
کری زیات کارونه په یوه وخت کی لکه کمپیوتر کی ته هم کولای شی یوه ویډیو ډانلوډ ته
ورکړی او هم په فیسبوک کی کاروکړی او هم یوه سندره واوری دا ټول کارونه په یوه وخت
کی ته ترسره کوی دا شوه بله برخه یی
· Multi User System
Multi-user operating system is a computer operating system (OS) that allows
multiple users to access a single system with one OS on it.It refers to more
than one person can be able to log into the computer. Each person will have
their own settings.
زیات استفاده کوونکی :یا ملټی پل
اپریټینګ سیستم یو کمپیوټر استفاده کوونکی سیستم دی دغه اجازه ورکوی تر څو زیات
استفاده کوونکی لاسرسی ولری یوه سیستم ته او له یوه نه زیات کسان کولای شی چی داخل
شی یوه کمپیوټر ته او هر یو کولی شی چی په هغه سیستم کی تنظیمات راولی او په یوه وخت کی زیاتی وظیفی پرمخ بوزی
Multi-tasking is the ability to operate more than one
program at a time.
Difference between Single User
and Multi-User Operating System
1)
A single-user operating system is a system in which only
one user can access the computer system at a time. On the other hand, a multi-user
operating system allows more than one user to access a computer system at one
time.1
دیوه استعمالونکی اوزیات استعمالونکی ترمنځ فرقونه :اول
یو استعمالونکی هغه دی چی تنها یو نفر کولای شی دسیستم سره لاسرسی ولری په یوه وخت
کی اول زیات استعمالونکی هغه دی چی له یوه نه زیات استعمالونکی کولای شی لاسرسی
ولری سیستم ته په یوه وخت کی
A single user operating system provides the
facilities to be used on one computer by only one user. In other words, it
supports one user at a time. However, it may support more than one profiles.
Single keyboard and single monitor are used for the purpose of interaction. The
most common example of a single user operating system is a system that is found
in a typical home computer----------
یو استعمالونکی
کولای اماده کوی دا اسانتیا تر څو استعمال کری یو یو کمپیوتر یا مبایل دیوه ویوه
نفر پواسطه په یوه وخت کی
********************************************************************************************************************
On the other hand, a multi-user operating
system has been designed for more than one user to access the computer at one
time. Generally, a network is laid down, so that a computer can be remotely
used. Mainframes and minicomputers work on multi-user operating systems. These
operating systems are complex in comparison to single user operating systems.
Each user is provided with a terminal and all these terminals are connected to
a main computer. In a multi-user environment, it is very important to balance
the requirements of the users, as the resources of the main computer are shared
among the users.
دا جور شوی دی له یوه نه دزیاتو استعمالونکو لپاره تر څو
لاسرسی ولری سیستم ته ټول په یوه وخت کی لکه نیټورک داسیستم مختلف دی له سنګل یوزر
نه په دی کی هر استعمالونکی کولای شی چی تهیه کری یو ترمینل اوټول ترمینل وصل کوی
له مین کمپیوتر سره
1. What Is Kernel?
A kernel is a central component of an operating system. It acts as an interface between the user applications and the hardware. The sole aim of the kernel is to manage the communication between the software (user level applications) and the hardware (CPU, disk memory etc). The main tasks of the kernel are :
کرنل
څه شی دی ؟ کرنل یوه مرکزی برخه دآپریټینګ سیستم ده کوم چی رابطه ټینګوی ترمابین
داستعمالونکی اپلیکشن او هارډیور ترمنځ او همدارنګه رابطه ټینګوی ترمابین دسافتویر
او هارډویر
مهمی دندی عبارت دی له :
·
Process
management
·
Device
management
·
Memory
management
·
Interrupt
handling
·
I/O
communication
·
File
system...etc..
·
History of Linux:
Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie developed Linux in bill lib
1024 TB=1 exa byte
1024 EB=1peta byte.
1024 PB=1 zeta byte.
·
How can to create virtual
RAM in Linux?
When we click to virtual box then
you will click some thin else then click on partition then new partition then
table free space then add press 100 EXD:3
choose system boot then ok
Then free space add
press \
Then free space add
press home
Then free space add
press swap
When we open the terminal how to
open it Control+Alt+T
$ ****this is normal user symbol
#****this is root user symblol
User name @host
name@ ~# ښودل کیژی
Commands:
·
ls – directory name = to view the contents of directory list.
·
Touch- file name to creat afile.
·
Mkdir directory name - to creat a directory.
·
Rm
file name to delete file
·
Rmdir directory name- to delete directory
·
Cp file name = Copy one or more files to another location
·
Cat > file neme = to write some thing in file
·
Cat >> to add more thing in file
·
Cat file name =to show what is in the file
·
Cal = to show calendar
·
Date= to show date
·
Pwd = to show present
·
Clear = Clear terminal
screen
·
Cut = Divide a file into
several parts
·
Echo = Display message on
screen
·
Factor = Print prime
factors
·
Free = Display memory usage
·
Groups = Print group names
a user is in
·
Kill= Stop a process from
running
·
More= Display output one
screen at a time
·
Mv= Move or rename files or
directories
·
Passwd= Modify a user
password
·
Who= Print all usernames
currently logged in
·
Which= Locate a program
file in the user's path
- file
system structure
- The file
system structure is the most basic level of organization in an
operating system. Almost all of the ways an operating system
interacts with its users, applications, and security model are dependent
upon the way it organizes files on storage devices
- چوکات دفایل سیستم هغه دی کوم چی جوړوی آپریټینګ
سیستم په اسانه شکل
.1. The /boot/
Directory
The /boot/ directory contains static files required to boot the system,
such as the Linux kernel. These files are essential for the system to boot
properly
بوت ډایریکټوری شاملوی ساکن فایلونه تر څو
بوت کری سیستم لکه کرنل چی مخکی مو تعریف کری دغه فایلونه ضروری دی ترڅو بوت کری
سیستم په صحیح ډول
.2. The /dev/
Directory
The /dev/ directory contains device identity that are provided by the
kernel
3. The /bin/
Directory
Stand for binary
Which can be use in normal user
4. The /sbin/
Directory
Stand for super binary
Which can be used only by root
user.
5. The /home/ Directory
Default location for normal user
5. The /root/
Directory
Default location for admin user
6. The /lib/
Directory
Library dynamic link library
Also 1.2.1.4. The /lib/
Directory
The /lib/ directory should contain only those libraries needed to execute
the binaries in /bin/ and /sbin/. These shared library images are particularly important for
booting the system and executing commands within the root file system.
1.2.1.5. The /media/
Directory
The /media/ directory contains subdirectories used as mount points for
removeable media such as usb storage media, DVDs, CD-ROMs, and Zip disks.
1.2.1.7. The /opt/
Directory
The /opt/ directory provides storage for most application software
packages.
1.2.1.8. The /proc/
Directory
The /proc/ directory contains special files that either extract information
from or send information to the kernel
1.2.1.12. The /usr/
Directory
The /usr/ directory is for files that can be shared across multiple
machines
13. The /etc/ Directory
It’s a directory in which the installed application
are stored.
هغه داریکتوری ده کوم چی انستال شوی سافتویرونه زخیره کوی
که مو فکر کری وی په ویندوز کی فایل سیستم دی کوم چی موز څه شی انستال کرو
داریکت خی فایل سیستم کی زخیره کیژی او په لینکس کی په دی ځای کی
What is Fedora?
Fedora is a operating system, a collection of software that makes your computer run. You can use Fedora in addition to, or instead of, other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows™ or Mac OS X™. The Fedora operating system is completely free of cost for you o enjoy and share
پیډورا اپریټینګ سیستم دی کوم چی یوځای کوی سافتویرونه ترڅوستا کمپیوټر عملیه اجرا کړی
What is an INODE in Linux?
I must say that its a data structure that keeps track of all the information about a file.
You store your information in a file, and the operating system stores the information about a file in an inode(sometimes called as an inode number).
Also with nots: it contain the information about file like name size etc………….
اینود څه شی دی : اینود ډیټا سټرکچر دی کوم چی ساتی دفایل ټول معلومات یعنی زخیره کوی یی لکه لاندی وظیفی
An Inode is a data structure that stores the following information about a file :
- Size of
file
- Device ID
- User ID of
the file
- Group ID
of the file
- The file
mode information and access privileges for owner, group and others
- File
protection flags
- The
timestamps for file creation, modification etc
- link
counter to determine the number of hard links
- Pointers
to the blocks storing file’s contents
For
example :
$
touch a
$
ln a a1
$
ls -al
drwxr-xr-x
48 himanshu himanshu 4096 2012-01-14 16:30 .
drwxr-xr-x
3 root root 4096 2011-03-12 06:24 ..
-rw-r--r--
2 himanshu family 0 2012-01-14 16:29 a
-rw-r--r--
2 himanshu family 0 2012-01-14 16:29 a1
$ stat a
File: `a'
Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file
Device: 805h/2053d Inode: 1448240 Links: 2
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/himanshu) Gid: ( 1001/ family)
Access: 2012-01-14 16:30:04.871719357 +0530
Modify: 2012-01-14 16:29:50.918267873 +0530
Change:
2012-01-14 16:30:03.858251514 +0530
that contain information about files in Unix file systems that are created when a file system is created.
Each file has an inode and is identified by an inode number
Types of inode:
Hard link and soft link
Structure of regular file
Boot block: it is a place to store boot
related information (100 MB)
Super block: it is a place where
information about file system all size store in this block
Inode list : like file name inode value
Abc
123
A data
block is the unit of transfer between main memory and auxiliary storage
and usually consists of several records
File and permission
Read ,write and execute
Example : r=4 w=2 x=1 rwx=7
Example: vfr
Own group others
Rw r rw
6 4 6
#] chmod 646 vfx
To change the permission of a file or directory
Chmod permission filename\directory
Chang mode
If we want to know the permission of existing file:#]ls –l file name
·
Change owner permission
We Use chown to change ownership
A group usually
consists of a collection of users, all belonging to the same group. The first
set of three is the read, write, and execute permissions for the owner of the
file
isms@dell]$touch hi
to know the
properties of a file hi
ls – l hi
ls – l flie name
chown: change ownership
#]chown user name file name
To change the group
#]chgrp group name
System calls
To open a file the system call used is
Open( )
Close ( ) to close a file
Create ( ) to create a file \folder
Write ( ) to write a file
Read ( ) to read into file
The Linux terminal has a number of useful
commands that can display running processes, kill them, and change their
priority level.
When you execute a program on your UNIX system, the system creates a
special environment for that program. This environment contains everything
needed for the system to run the program as if no other program were running on
the system
Starting a
Process:
When you start a process (run a
command), there are two ways you can run it:
·
Foreground Processes
·
Background Processes
Foreground
Processes:
By default, every process that
you start runs in the foreground. It gets its input from the keyboard and sends
its output to the screen.
You can see this happen with the
ls command. If I want to list all the files in my current directory, I can use
the following command:
$ls ch*.doc
Background
Processes:
A background process runs
without being connected to your keyboard. If the background process requires
any keyboard input, it waits.
The advantage of running a
process in the background is that you can run other commands; you do not have
to wait until it completes to start another!
The simplest way to start a
background process is to add an ampersand ( &) at the end of the command.
$ls ch*.doc &
·
Terminal command prompt in windows
in linux server if we login it provides
terminal for every user for every task we do there will a process created
·
Command to use the process that is running in terminal
·
$]ps [process state]
·
To see all the process
$] ps _ - a it will show the
foreground and background of process
·
To see which user using which application $] ps _ -va
·
To end the process which is running $] kill process id
Vi Editor:
Its like notepad
Type of editor 1 :
CVI 2 : GVI
To open the notepad in linux we should type $] gedit
Operating mode in VI editor
1)
Command mode
2)
Editing mode
·
VI – file name to open VI editor
·
CVI consumes
less power when compared to GVI
·
In command mod we can give
only commands we could not type text
·
In editor mode we can
insert update we can type anything
·
Press (i) to goes editor mode
·
Press ( ESC) to goes command
mode
·
:w we can to save the file
·
:q used to log out the
command mode
1)
K – up
2)
J – down
3)
H – left
4)
L – right
Deleting characters
X= to used to delete a character under cursor location
d w = delete location
d ^ = if will delete the text which texted before the cursor
d$ = this is used to delete the text which delete after the
cursor
search and replace in vi editor
%s\fid word \replace
word\.g
·
To copy the the entire line
command is
y y (name of lines) (or) y
·
To paste the lin commant is
p after the cursor P befor the cursor
·
To copy the entire
documents from vi to vi2
·
:e<file name >vi2
Who command
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